Which Supreme Court case established the principle of judicial review?

The principle of judicial review, which allows the Supreme Court to invalidate legislation and executive actions that it finds to be unconstitutional, was established in the landmark case of Marbury v. Madison. This case arose in 1803 when William Marbury petitioned the Supreme Court for a writ of mandamus to compel Secretary of State James Madison to deliver his commission as a justice of the peace. Chief Justice John Marshall ruled that while Marbury was entitled to his commission, the Court did not have the authority to issue the writ because the provision of the Judiciary Act of 1789 that granted the Court such power was itself unconstitutional.

This decision was pivotal as it formally asserted the power of the judiciary to review and nullify government actions that conflict with the Constitution, thus laying the groundwork for the role of the Supreme Court as a co-equal branch of government and upholding the rule of law.