Which landmark case established the principle of Judicial Review?

The principle of Judicial Review was established in the landmark case of Marbury v. Madison. This case, decided in 1803, was significant because it affirmed the Supreme Court's authority to invalidate laws and actions by the executive and legislative branches that are found to be in conflict with the Constitution.

In Marbury v. Madison, Chief Justice John Marshall articulated the foundational idea that it is the duty of the judiciary to interpret the law and ensure that no act of government exceeds the authority granted to it by the Constitution. This ruling effectively established the judiciary as an equal branch of government, capable of checking the other branches' powers. The impact of this case has been profound, as it has allowed for the protection of constitutional rights and liberties, reinforcing the role of the Supreme Court in American democracy.

While the other cases mentioned are critically important in their own rights—addressing issues of segregation, reproductive rights, and slavery—they do not pertain to the establishment of Judicial Review itself.