Which amendment outlines the powers reserved for the states?

The Tenth Amendment is the correct choice because it specifically states that powers not delegated to the federal government nor prohibited to the states are reserved to the states or the people. This amendment is a crucial component of the Constitution, as it reinforces the principle of federalism by ensuring that states retain a certain degree of sovereignty and authority. The emphasis of the Tenth Amendment is on the limitation of federal power, highlighting that any powers not explicitly granted to the federal government or restricted from the states by the Constitution are within the purview of state governance. This creates a system of checks and balances that encourages division of authority and prevents the federal government from becoming too powerful.

The other amendments mentioned focus on different issues: the First Amendment deals with freedoms such as speech and religion, the Second Amendment addresses the right to bear arms, and the Fourteenth Amendment provides for equal protection under the law and addresses citizenship rights. While all these amendments are vital to the Constitution, none of them pertain to the powers specifically reserved for states, which is the primary focus of the Tenth Amendment.