What does the "separation of powers" refer to?

The separation of powers refers to the division of government responsibilities into distinct branches to prevent any one branch from exercising the core functions of another. This principle is foundational to the structure of democratic governments, ensuring that the legislative, executive, and judicial branches operate independently and can provide checks and balances on each other's powers. By dividing government authority in this way, it aims to limit the potential for abuse of power and to protect citizens’ liberties.

This concept was heavily influenced by political philosophers such as Montesquieu and is a critical aspect of the U.S. Constitution, where each branch has its specific powers and responsibilities. The principle of separation of powers promotes transparency and accountability within government by distributing power and ensuring that laws and policies are developed and enforced through different branches.